Market Share and Business Revenues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Piece of the overall industry and Business Revenues - Essay Example The paper Piece of the overall industry and Business Revenues discusses piece of the pie and business incomes that are steady founded on the assorted progressions in the business. It will be a preferred position to the organization on the off chance that they charge a more prominent expense to their items or by placing as a top priority that having a greater piece of the overall industry will yield more organization gains.The position of pieces of the pie shows organizations gain during two distinct stages in the macroeconomic condition. The results point to that the normal of the connection among MS and BP is set up, yet the arrangement of major strategic components are the reason for the contrasts among MS and BP. Organizations profit by the huge piece of the overall industry that capable them to delineate their item so as to grab the eye and devotion of their purchasers. Enormous piece of the pie is foreseen to give good extraordinary benefit, through giving the organizations a fe w offers as indicated by the separation of their item, this will permit these organizations to join the oligopolistic association that is sufficiently able to have a noteworthy effect on some double impediment of creation, by becoming the company’s arrangement control in this oligopoly. In any case, the company’s benefit relies upon the viability and effective usage of key activities the board so that the clients will have the option to take care of the creation surpasses in this way expanding the creation arrangement of the association. These tasks approach in like manner gives chances to upgrading item esteem.

Character of Crooks in “Of mice and men” Essay

All through the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Steinbeck presents Crook as being desolate, insightful and sad. He is in a minority gathering and is oppressed in light of the fact that he speaks to the dark network in 1930’s America. In fact, it is a result of this separation that Crooks endeavors to draw whatever constrained measure of intensity he can from his environmental factors. â€Å"Well I gotta option to have a light†. This suggests Crooks is cautious and possibly isn’t permitted the things he needs or needs, or the things he see that others have. He likewise has a â€Å"shot gun† and a â€Å"Californian common code â€Å". These things recommend that Crooks is genuinely feeble and must have security and the law to feel power against others. â€Å"Don’t be arriving in a spot you’re not needed .â€Å" This statement proposes that Crooks doesn’t need anyone coming in his room, during that time bigotry was solid and Crook ’s needs to live all alone, he doesn’t have control over a great deal of things so for him to have the option to have his own room he will that control over individuals. Crooks’ want to practice control over Lennie might be a consequence of separation he has experienced in his life. â€Å"The white children come to play†¦. My ol man didn’t like that†. This shows like most children they are innocent and subsequently Crooks’ didn’t comprehend why his dad (â€Å"ol’ man†) didn’t like him playing with the white children. Crook’s experience of racial clash and segregation for an amazing duration shows him why his dad didn’t need him to play with them. â€Å" I can’t play coz I’m black† this statement is another case of the manner in which society was during the 1930s and how prejudice was alright it likewise connections to the topic desolate on the grounds that it demonstrates that no one needs to be close Crooks’ or do anything with him. Crooks’ absence of societal position implies he doesn't just experience the ill effects of segregation from the men on the farm yet in addition Curley’s spouse. Hooligans says â€Å"maybe you better come to your own home no w we don’t need no trouble† by what he is stating suggests that on the off chance that they are gotten with or conversing with her there would be inconvenience, and that she is risky to them. Also, one point in the novel Curley’s spouse is extremely noxious towards Crooks and says â€Å"well you better keep your place then nigger, I could get your hung on a tree so effectively it aint even funny.’ Crooks’ resembles prey in this general public and is off guard since he is dark. Candy’s spouse undermines him by saying she could get him murdered andâ could do this since she is white. This remark in a split second makes Crooks quiet and returns him back to his social point of view by reacting to Curley’s spouse purchase saying â€Å"yes, ma’am in a toneless voice. Crooks’ additionally endeavors to apply control over Lennie in his shack in spite of the fact that with constrained achievement. â€Å"Crooks face lit up with the delight of his torture.† This might be the first run through in Crooks’ life when he has more force than another individual. Lennie frenzies and battles to comprehend, this permits Crooks to apply more control. Lennie’s intellectually impaired and is utilized to separation and viciousness as were dark individuals but since of Lennie’s absence of understanding it permits Crooks to employ control over him and he appreciates it. Crooks’ says â€Å"it’s simply being with another person that’s all†. This shows Crooks’ accepts that it doesn't make a difference what y ou state to some on it’s that you state something. He’s a forlorn individual because of the reality he never has anybody to converse with. Law breakers is stating having organization is the thing that issues, there’s no should be finicky about the organization itself. This shows his urgency subsequent to being disengaged for such a long time. Crooks’ is demonstrated to be an unpleasant man who sees others dreams as useless. â€Å"Nobody gets to heaven†. Evildoers accepts that the fantasy is unthinkable and has no expectation for anyone moving past there social class and getting rich. He specifies that huge amounts of men have gotten through the farm and said that they would get some land however it never works out for them so it prompts Crooks thinking the fantasy is totally unachievable. After Lennie and candy go one about how they will get the land and how there’s no halting them and they appear to be so secure with it, Crooks says â€Å"if you all need a hand I could come and loan it†. Crook’s quits being so negative for a second and begins to put stock in the fantasy. He feels so great with Lennie and Candy that he overlooks his place in that society, yet after Curley’s spouse leaves he says â€Å"forget about it just foolin. I wouldn need to go no spot like that†. Crooks’ experiences seen all the difficulty that individuals cause when they get together and he has chosen he doesn’t need any piece of it and believes that the ranch shared by three men would become to disordered and that George would get sick of duty.

Unanswered Questions on Online Apa Essay Writing Services That You Need to Know About

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Argumentative Essay on the Importance of Physical...

Argumentative Essay As America attempts to better it’s elementary education system, they progressively eliminate the amount of time spent for physical education. They believe that this approach is necessary to vacate time in the day for more possible time in the classroom learning core subjects; such as math, English, reading, etc. This may seem like a productive way to better educate their pupils, but in fact they could be limiting their potential learning capacity by restricting their daily physical education. In children, daily physical activity leads to more productive brains. Elementary schools need to increase their requirements for physical education, because younger brains are more vulnerable to the positive effects of†¦show more content†¦It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long term memory and spatial navigation. When all these chemicals are sent to the brain they are mainly being sent to the hippocampus. This leads to larger a nd more productive cells within the hippocampus. In turn, leading to a stronger long-term memory (Anissimov). Having a better memory inevitably leads to better learning, if focused on learning. So due to the functions of the hippocampus and the actions taking place in the brain. Exercise leads to a more productive and better learning brain. In a peer reviewed article Sanna Stroth and others discussed the research project where they preformed extensive research on ways that exercise effects the brain. Their research showed that regular physical exercise has been shown to stimulate brain vascularization, increase levels of brain neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and noradrenalin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which in turn increase the survival ability of neurons and neurogenesis. These changes create a basis for better learning, retention and performance, leading to a more efficient, plastic and adaptive brain. With increased physical fitness, they found improv ed cognitive flexibility and cognitive control. Also their participants working memory was partly influenced by increased physical fitness (Stroth, el al). In children the process becomes even more beneficial. The frontal lobe in childrenShow MoreRelatedHenry D. Thoreaus views on nature, society, and man.1526 Words   |  7 Pagespublic school in Concord. However, he refused to flog children as punishment. He choose instead to deliver moral lectures. The community looked down upon this, and a committee was asked to review the situation. They decided that the lectures were not ample punishment, so they ordered Thoreau to flog disobedient students. With disapproval he lined up six children after school that day, flogged them, and handed in his resignation. He felt that physical punishment should have no part in education. 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Consequently, there are a number of negative effects, for example, achieving bad academic performance and inappropriate relationshipRead MoreChild and Young Person Development5222 Words   |  21 Pages[pic] Physical Development birth-3years The physical development for this age group is described below: Baby raises head and chest when lying on stomach and supports its upper body with arms when lying on stomach they are able to stretch their legs out and kick when lying on their stomach or back. They are able to open and shut their hands, pushing down on their legs when their feet are placed on a firm surface. At this age sucking and grasping reflexes develop the baby is able to focus andRead MoreEssay about Claudius Galen of Pergamum3842 Words   |  16 Pagesis dedicated to his accomplishments; this coverage often does not do him justice. 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Physical development

Human Service Organisations

Question: Discuss about theHuman Service Organisations. Answer: Introduction There are asylum seekers all across the world and it is becoming a global phenomenon. The increasing war, terrorism, violence as well as persecution are the main causes of increasing homeless people all across the world. The people are fleeing from their home countries in order to seek secure place, where they can live with their family in minimum security. The increments of the global issues are causes of growing concern among the policy makers and rulers of different countries. Illegal immigrant, refugees are currently the global issue and increasingly growing all across the countries (McNeill, P 2003, pp.487-502). Moreover, due to these problems the asylum seekers are growing all over the world and Australia is not out of these phenomena. In Australia also the immigrants issue raising the concern among the government authorities and the policy makers of the country. In order to provide shelter to the immigrants in Australia there are several asylums, where the refugees and homeles s people take shelter. Moreover, several social services organizations are working for the well being of the emigrant seek people. The condition of the refugee camp or the asylums is not good (Miller, C 2004, pp. 158-187). Moreover, it can be said that there are worse condition in the refugee camp and in the asylum. The key sites for the detention camp for the home seeker are situated in the Western Australia, South Australia along with Charismas Island. The social workers have the responsibility to ensure appropriate healthcare services within the detention center for the immigrants. Critical Conceptualisation of the Organisations The nature and the complexity of the problems are depicted in the organisation helps in the creation of the problems and the challenges for the organisation with creating continuous growth. It thereby helps in considering the issues that creates the global call with the provision of the judgement for the creation of the social value. It thereby provides the enhancement of the process with creating appropriate communication of the system and thereby the considerations are created by the help of the social value. It thereby also helps in considering the views which seem to be focusing on the social value and the creating an impact on the organisation (Bliss, 2015, pp. 57-68). The critical conceptualisation helps in the creation of ability for the enhancement of the programs and thereby it also helps in the creation of advancement regarding the social entrepreneurship and the social entrepreneurship in the organisation. The growth emphasis is provided on the governmental role with there by helps in providing the impact on the organisation and thereby the considerations are created by the enhancement of the driving changes with thereby creating an diverse environment in the organisation. It thereby also helps in the creation of the financial needs which creating he driving management (Boehm and Yoels, 2008, pp. 1360-1380). Though the days are seemed to be relying on the philanthropic, who grants alone with funding changes in the process. The considerations are created for the enhancement of the initiatives and thereby the new process and the products with the services are implemented for the innovation (Bliss, 2015, pp. 57-68). The social intrepreneurship and the social entrepreneurship conducts the job with thereby helps in conducting the views with creating the entrepreneurship and also carrying the social works with the consideration of the social works and thereby the transformation in the organisation are taking place for the enhancement of the social workers and thereby the focus on the innovation and the creativity is created for undertaking the business and also helps in the creation of the social solution (Briskman, Zion and Loff, 2012, pp. 37-55). With the creation of influence in the strategies of the organisation, the financially sustainable changes are created for the appropriate represent ation of the social work and thereby the utilization of the growing opportunities is created by the enhancement of the social work of the students. The consideration of the social workers helps in the creation of sustainable social changes that helps in focusing on the engagement of the practices with the consideration of the Midwestern states. Critical Conceptualisation of the Recipients of Services The social work has long embraced advocating the vulnerable populations which are enhanced with providing the vulnerable populations with forming the consideration of the historical professions. It there by helps in the creation of the advancement in the advocacy and thereby helps in highlighting the strategies which are depicted in the consideration of the practical models for the purpose of creating the appropriate framework for the development, implementing and evaluating the framework of the advocacy problems (Coffey et al., 2010, pp. 2070-2079). It thereby also helps in considering the views which seems to be evaluating the tests regarding the model and thereby the response helps in the appropriate approach consideration with viewing the quantitative feedback. The innovation helps in the creation of the risk taking and thereby the creation of suggestion helps in the creation of specific periods which helps in enabling the strategies for the creation of the recipient of the servi ces provided by the organisation for the enhancement of the society and thereby the creation of the enhancement helps in the creation of the field for implementing the changes regarding the social entrepreneurs and thereby the funders research this field for the enhancement of the development strategies (Cohen, 2002, pp. 17-38). With the context of withstanding the knowledge and the approach for gaining the social entrepreneurship, the conduction of the needs and the clients and the communities are enhances with creating the enhancement of the social entrepreneurships. The review regarding the critical conceptualisation of the recipients of services helps in indicating the changes which are depicted for the enhancement of the scale of change and thereby the addressing of the issues that are depicted in this case (Fook, 2015, pp.287-292). The social transformation seems to be enabled by the social transformation which helps in galvanising the ability in order to mitigate the organisa tional errors and thereby the creation of the wide range of social value seems to be depicted in this case. The considerations of this case helps in mitigating the market failures and thereby the scale of changes are depicted in order to create hope and thereby the initiation of the social changes are addressed which helps in the satisfying the needs of the social entrepreneurs. The social workers help in identifying the notification regarding the changes which are depicted for the enhancement of the case and thereby the strategic process are also depicted for this case with the consideration of the social innovation and the entrepreneurship (Giesler et al., 2012, pp.236-254). Critical Conceptualisation of the Human Service Workers The human service workers are most important for the detention center as they play significant role in the well being of the people, who compel to flee from their home country in order to seek safe, shelter and security for themselves. The contribution of the human services workers to secure good health, and well being of the immigrants are immense (Miller, K, 2009, pp. 79-97). There are different types of human services workers some of them are working with children and women, some are working with old, some are working with disabled peoples, some are working with the diseases and all the social workers are playing significant role in the detention center (Mullaly, R, 2007, pp.252-286). The human services worker should maintain some ethics in order to provide care services to the needy people. The arena of human services is widely defined. The human services workers should have some skill and knowledge about the work, which are required by the job they have to do. The human services professional have to be alert on the cases of the detention centers. Moreover, they should have preoccupied prevention so that they can help the needy people in the time when they required any help from the services providers. The services providers should have appropriate skill and communication capability so that they can help the needy people by accurately communicating them (Ozanne, E Rose, D, 2013, pp. 42-58). In Australia there is several training camp for the social services providers as well as several institute offer courses on the social services, which help the social services providers to give the proper services at the time of the need. In the refugee camp or detention center the people come from various part of the world. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the Australian government to secure the life of the immigrants people who have to leave their home and compel to take shelter in another country. The people in order to seek shelter come from one country to the other country with family and children as their home country has stringent trouble from natural calamity, war and terrorism. The country Australia provide shelter to the refugee people in this country and for this reason there are several asylum has been built. Where the homeless people are taking shelter here the government set up a process so that they can obtain food, shelter and necessary medicine for securing their life (Wallace, J Pease, B, 2011,pp. 132-142). The social workers responsibility is to ensure that all these services are reaching to the homeless people. In order to provide these services the social workers should have adequate skill and knowledge which help them to provide sufficient social care services to the immigrant people who take shelter in the detention camp in Australia. Critical Conceptualisation of the Role of Social/Human Service Workers With the consideration of the role of the social services or the human service workers, the people enquiry is depicted for the enhancement of the injustice and thereby the consideration of the range of the actors are depicted in regarding the immigration detention system with depicting the consideration of compelling services and thereby the detention facilities are detected. The evidence is depicted in this case helps in considering the views that are seemed to be requisite for the malevolent practices and thereby the detention practices and the enhanced with depicting the testimonies (Hasenfeld and Garrow, 2012, pp. 33-57). The professional groups helps in the creation of the detention centre for the social and the health welfare services with thereby helps in considering the evidences and the health providers. The consideration of the prominent groups helps in the creation of the agents and the faith with the group representatives and thereby the lawyers and the migration agents a nd the faith groups are represented. It thereby helps in the creation of the advocates on the former immigration detainees and thereby the advocates with focusing on the physical and the mental conditions. With the consideration of the unhealthy conditions are depicted with the consideration of the services and thereby the breaching of the human rights are depicted with the building the detention centres (Healy, 2004, pp.103-114). The documentation shows the clear breaching of the health and the exclusion of the designated helps in the creation of the frequent damaging and thereby the consideration of the public helps in the exaggeration of the problems regarding the practitioners detention environment. It thereby also helps in the creation of the professional actions which are depicted in this case. The consideration also helps in covering the social works that are depicted for measuring the role depicted. The rejection of the strategies helps in the creation if the enhancement wan d thereby the consideration of the immigration detention with the social works academics helps in the creating the organisational culture that depicts the identification of the organisational norms (Johnston, 2009, pp. 40-46). The medical discourses are considered with thereby depicting the enhancement helps in the courage and determination and the ideology is seemed to be focused with the enhancement services for the consideration of the issues. The immigration also helps in the creation of the enhancement and thereby the creation helps in the enhancement of the issues that are depicted for the enhancement of the structure and thereby the consideration is requisite for the immigration of the authorities in order to meet the medical discourses (McDonald, C, 2006, pp.115-132). Conclusion Refugee issue is the widespread issue and spread over the world and in order handle this issue the government of Australia has taken several steps. There are detention centers, refugee camps built in the Western Australia, South Australia and Christian island, where the immigrant homeless people all over the world take shelter. In these centers the needy people obtain food, shelter and healthcare help from the government. Moreover, in these matters, the social care organization provides great contribution as they ensure the useful healthcare services, medicines and food products can be reached properly to the needy people. There are asylum seekers all over the world and it is becoming a global phenomenon( McDonald, C Marston, G, 2006, pp. 171-182). The main causes of these are increasing war, terrorism, violence as well as persecution. Moreover, the increasing homeless people all across the world growing concern of the policy makers and global leaders. The people are running away fr om their home countries in order to search for secure place, where they can live with their family in minimum security. Moreover, the social services workers have the responsibility to ensure that all the facilities provide to the immigrants are reaching to the needy people and they get minimum facility to improve their life. References Bliss, D. (2015). Using the Social Work Advocacy Practice Model to Find Our Voices in Service of Advocacy.Human Service Organizations Management, Leadership Governance, 39(1), pp.57-68. Boehm, A. and Yoels, N. (2008). Effectiveness of Welfare Organizations: The Contribution of Leadership Styles, Staff Cohesion, and Worker Empowerment.British Journal of Social Work, 39(7), pp.1360-1380. Briskman, L., Zion, D. and Loff, B. (2012). Care or Collusion in Asylum Seeker Detention.Ethics and Social Welfare, 6(1), pp.37-55. Coffey, G., Kaplan, I., Sampson, R. and Tucci, M. (2010). The meaning and mental health consequences of long-term immigration detention for people seeking asylum.Social Science Medicine, 70(12), pp.2070-2079. Cohen, B. (2002). Alternative Organizing Principles for the Design of Service Delivery Systems.Administration in Social Work, 26(2), pp.17-38. Fook, J. (2015). Critical Social Work Practice.International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, pp.287-292. Giesler, F., Parris, A., Weaver, L., Hall, L. and Sullivan, Q. (2012). Sources of Information that Influence Social Service Public Policy Decisions.Journal of Policy Practice, 11(4), pp.236-254. Hasenfeld, Y. and Garrow, E. (2012). Nonprofit Human-Service Organizations, Social Rights, and Advocacy in a Neoliberal Welfare State.Social Service Review, 86(2), pp.295-322. Hasenfeld, Y. and Garrow, E. (2012). Nonprofit Human-Service Organizations, Social Rights, and Advocacy in a Neoliberal Welfare State.Social Service Review, 86(2), pp.295-322. Healy, K. (2004). Social workers in the new human services marketplace: Trends, challenges and responses.Aust Social Work, 57(2), pp.103-114. Johnston, V. (2009). Australian asylum policies: have they violated the right to health of asylum seekers?.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33(1), pp.40-46. McDonald, C Marston, G 2006, Room to move? Professional discretion at the frontline of welfare-to-work, Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 171-182. McDonald, C 2006, Re-constructing service users, in C McDonald (ed), Challenging social work: the institutional context of practice, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, England, pp. 115-132. McLaughlin, H 2009, Whats in a name: client, patient, customer, expert by experience, service user whats next?, British Journal of Social Work, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1101-1117. McNeill, P 2003, Public health ethics: asylum seekers and the case for political actions, Bioethics, vol. 17, no. 5-6, pp. 487-502. Miller, C 2004, The engagement of service users, in C Miller (ed), Producing welfare: a modern agenda, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, pp. 158-187. Miller, K 2009, Cultural approaches, in K Miller Organizational communication: approaches and processes, 5th edn, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston, pp. 79-97. Mullaly, R 2007, Oppression: the focus of structural social work, in RP Mullaly (ed), The new structural social work 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Ont, pp. 252-286. Ozanne, E Rose, D 2013, The organisational context of human service practice, Palgrave MacMillan, South Yarra, Victoria. Wallace, J Pease, B 2011, Neoliberalism and Australian social work: accommodation or resistance?, Journal of Social Work, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 132-142.

What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC Essay Example

What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC Essay The key component of monarchy as a political system is generally considered to be the rule, usually in this period absolute, of one person over a state for the duration of their lifetime. It also contains an inherently hereditary nature, with the holder of the office not being elected or appointed through a political process, but named by their predecessor as heir. Rome of the first century BC, however, boasted a strong tradition of proud Republicanism; a tradition with which the concept of monarchy seemed wholly incompatible. Despite the virtual collapse of the Roman Republic in the foregoing years of military demagogues and civil war, and the systematic murder of vehement Republicans such as Cicero under the Triumvirate, the concept of hereditary rule was still widely regarded with hostility following the Battle of Actium. Memories of Julius Caesars adoption of quasi-monarchical powers in Rome loomed large, and the civil war had left the concept of monarchy indelibly associated with the eastern despotism and excess of the reviled Cleopatra. Such different systems of government are seemingly irreconcilable, being as they are inherently antagonistic. Yet Augustus Caesar, one of the most consummate politicians of the ancient world, somehow managed to achieve what had eluded all his predecessors; the establishment and maintenance of sustainable political dominance in Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Throughout his long period of rule, Augustus was careful to cloak the reality of his power in Republican phraseology and custom, yet, in bequeathing the Roman world a legacy of hereditary rule in many ways akin to monarchy, he simultaneously destroyed the very fabric and ideals of the Republican tradition. Following his victory over Antony at Actium, Caesars young heir, was, by his own admission, in complete control of affairs1 in Rome. At this point, Octavian enjoyed power similar to that of his adoptive father. Yet, although the true foundations of his pre-eminence his imperium over a vast army, granted in 43BC,2 his triumphant emergence from the civil war, and his command of unparalleled financial resources- had been established, Octavian was in no sense a monarch at this point. His regime lacked stability, especially since his position may have had little constitutional validity. His official term as triumvir had ended in either 33 or 32BC, and there is little solid evidence that he was ever granted additional extraordinary powers, although this possibility cannot be discounted. The Res Gestae inevitably points to the rather ambiguous universal consent,3 as the foundation of this dominance, which, given that Octavian had defeated the unpopular Antony and that all hopes of the peace Rome desperately craved now lay with the young man, may actually contain a grain of truth. Whether universal consent was the sole basis of his power or not, support was likely to have a finite duration, given that Octavians dominance was redolent of the political systems most despised, monarchy and dictatorship. The precedent of his adoptive father, however, loomed large, and Octavian, a consummate politician, was all too aware of the probable peril of riding roughshod over Republican sentiment; assassination. He recognised that, for his power to be sustainable, it would have to develop a basis acceptable to the Roman conscience. This is not necessarily proof that Octavian held any genuine desire to fully revive the Republic; whilst Suetonius asserts that twice Augustus seriously thought of restoring the Republican ystem,4 the princeps actions reveal any such intention, if it did ever exist, quickly evaporated. Octavian, despite his propagandist assertions to the contrary in the Res Gestae, was in all probability interested in maintaining and sustaining his power; in translating Caesars dream of permanent, stable family dominance into the realm of the possible and achievable. To do this, he had to create a monarchy veiled in Republican terminology and tradition, and establish himself as a mo narchical figure acceptable to the Romans. Dio leaves us in little doubt as to Octavians motives, claiming that he was eager to establish the monarchy in very truth. 5 In terms of establishing a stable political system in which his own power was accepted, Octavian used two main tactics. Firstly, he had to secure a constitutional legitimacy for his continued dominance, and, as Suetonius claimed, take great trouble to prevent his political system from causing any individual distress,6 particularly to the conservative political classes. Octavian, as quoted by Suetonius, was eager to build firm and lasting foundations for the Government of the State. 7 Secondly, and just as importantly, he had to secure his personal popularity amongst the Roman people, and cultivate a new, acceptable image of monarchy far removed from popular images of tyranny and despotism. In terms of achieving a new constitution, Octavian realised that he would have to tread exceptionally carefully, given that resistance to overt displays of power was strongest amongst the conservatives of the Senate. Ever the shrewd politician, Octavian quickly realised that, paradoxically, the best way to obtain sustainable personal power was to appease the elite by posing as the defender, rather than the destroyer, of the Republican tradition. Octavian, once known for his ruthless ambition, suddenly and seamlessly metamorphosed into the saviour of Roman liberty, an image which he would cultivate until his death. The settlement of 27BC was the striking culmination of this tactic; Octavian appeared before the senate and resigned all of his extraordinary powers. The Res Gestae alludes to the event only briefly, but, given its propagandist purpose, understandably implies that Augustus was acting benevolently as he transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome. 8 The ambiguity of this statement conceals the true nature of the settlement, which Dio more accurately paints as a clever trick to have his supremacy ratified by the Senate9 and the Res Gestae fails to mention the vast provincia that Octavian, now rewarded with the cognomen Augustus, received in return. Suetonius, who also addresses the settlement only peripherally, informs us that Augustus kept for himself all the more vigorous provinces;10 these were Gaul, Spain (excluding Baetica), Syria and Cyprus, over which he gained proconsular authority for a ten year period, in addition to Egypt, which he administered as virtually his own private kingdom. Suetonius and the Res Gestae, however, both neglect to mention that Augustus retained control of all the legions (although Dio to an extent implies this in saying that Augustus took the more powerful11). In addition, Augustus continued to stand for, and was elected to, the consulship. This was an unprecedented move, as no previous public figure had held both consular and proconsular authority concurrently. Undoubtedly, the settlement was not a service12 to Rome as Augustus implied, but an enormously clever manipulation of the Senate that simultaneously gave Augustus vast powers within the Republican system, legitimised his position, and won him mass acclaim. The claims in the Res Gestae that after this time I possessed no more official power than others who were my colleagues in several magistracies13 are strictly true, but what is omitted is the fact that Augustus had an unparalleled accumulation of magistracies. Dio even dates the foundation of the monarchy to the settlement of 27BC, claiming In this way the power of both people and senate passed entirely into the hands of Augustus, and from this time there was, strictly speaking, a monarch14 Arguably, this statement needs to be qualified on two grounds. Firstly, Augustus did not have absolute legal power; he still ultimately accountable to the law. Additionally, many facets of the Republic were restored, albeit in a modified form the Senate regained control over the more peaceful provinces, and all magistrates performed their traditional functions. Secondly, the settlement did not instantaneously establish a monarchy; it merely provided the constitutional basis for, and therefore enhanced the legitimacy of, Augustus dominance within the Republic. Further enhancements were made to the political settlement in 23BC, when Augustus renounced the perpetual consulship and gained instead all the components of tribunician power, in addition to imperium maius over the other consuls that was valid even with the boundary of the pomerium. This settlement is alluded to neither in the Res Gestae (Augustus simply mentions that he was awarded tribunician power15) or in Suetonius, whose coverage of constitutional matters is sketchy. Dio mentions that Augustus was granted tribunician power, but only vaguely implies a political purpose in saying Augustus resigned the consulship n order that as many as possible might become consuls16 The reason for these changes is unclear; one interpretation is that Augustus wanted to make his power even less overt, perhaps as a result of a conspiracy against his life in 24BC (although Dio dates the conspiracy to 22BC, the year after the settlement,17 which may suggest that it occurred as a response to the settl ement), another is that referred to above by Dio, namely, that he realised his monopoly of the consulship was infuriating other politicians as it limited their possibilities of advancement to the position. Although the second settlement ostensibly reduced Augustus power, depriving him of his consular imperium, and probably, therefore, his imperium within Rome itself, it transpired that the period of 24BC-19BC was key in the establishment of the principate. To what extent Augustus anticipated the constructive effects of the settlement is difficult to gauge, but given his immense political acumen, it cannot be discounted that the settlement was a highly calculated move. To the politically unsophisticated masses, this settlement indicated Augustus resignation from Roman politics. Fortuitously for Augustus, this resignation coincided with damaging floods and food shortages, which the superstitious interpreted as negative omens. In consequence, there were demands for Augustus to accept the dictatorship or the perpetual consulship,18 a clear validation of his continued dominance. Augustus refused, claiming that I would not accept any office inconsistent with the custom of our ancestors. 19 He thus managed to simultaneously emerge with an enhanced reputation, and with popular support that could potentially be used as leverage to force the senators into acquiescence. Any loss of power, too, seems to have been temporary, for Dio indicates that in 19BC Augustus gained [authority of] consul for life,20 although he did not formally hold the post. This is not mentioned in the Res Gestae, but, given that the constitutional basis of Augustus dominance is largely ignored, this is unsurprising. Between 31BC and 19BC, Augustus established the legal foundation of his predominance extremely successfully. His tactic of acting inside the Roman constitution had allowed him to amass considerable power whilst avoiding offence to Republican sentiment. He had, indeed established the legal foundations of a new position that, although strictly a composite of constitutional positions, allowed him to gradually assume monarchical authority. Augustus choice to omit mention of his legal powers, or potestas in the Res Gestae means that it is easy to underestimate their importance, but by 19BC his legal rights were indeed great; not only did he have proconsular authority over half the empire and control of most of the legions, but his imperium maius enabled him to intervene even in senatorial provinces, whilst the consular imperium he may have received in 19BC gave him legal pre-eminence in Rome itself. Although tribunician power was primarily symbolic, giving Augustus an image as defender of the people, it did allow him to propose legislation and veto the laws of the Senate. Despite these successes in establishing increasing dominance, there were still key differences between the constitutional powers of Augustus and the powers usually associated with monarchy. Augustus ultimately did not enjoy absolute power, as he was accountable to the constitution and the law. Indeed, many of his special rights, namely his proconsular authority over his provincia, were officially only granted for periods of five or ten years, although they would never be revoked. What is paramount, however, is that although Augustus recognised the importance of having his position ratified in constitutional terms, largely in order to secure the acquiescence of the governing class, he did not intend to have his authority continuously scrutinised in terms of legal minutiae. Augustus potestas, or legal powers, clarified his role and legitimised his pre-existing dominance, but Augustus never intended for them to provide an exhaustive description of his role or to limit his powers. Instead, Augustus hoped that, with success and popularity, he would evolve into a monarchical figure acceptable to the Romans, and would be able to issue commands without people inquiring by virtue of what statute he was acting. This unofficial influence, or auctoritas, was a key component of Augustus power. Augustus auctoritas was largely derived from his unparalleled achievements, and, fortuitously for the princeps, these continued to occur after 31BC. Augustus exploited the true foundations of his power, namely his military success and enormous wealth, plus his considerable political skill, to gain triumphs for the Empire. Between 31BC and 19BC he achieved more success in the provinces, pacifying Gaul and Spain and annexing Galatia and Lyconia. In 25BC the Temple of Janus was closed, which, as is mentioned in the Res Gestae, symbolised that victories had secured peace through land and sea throughout the whole empire of the Roman people. 21 Military success was combined with striking munificence; in the Res Gestae Augustus highlights that between 31BC and 19BC he gave 700 sesterces to each of the Roman plebs, that after the war he gave 1000 sesterces to each of his soldiers, and that in 23BC he bought grain to help ease the food shortages. 22 This was in addition to his lauded building programme; by 19BC his immense spending on public works had begun. The inevitable result of such achievements was popularity amongst both the masses and, increasingly, the Senate, and as more people concurred with Augustus dominance his auctoritas further increased. Interestingly, Augustus chose to highlight his auctoritas rather than his potestas in the Res Gestae, which contains the implicit assumption throughout that great successes merited great rewards and influence. Indeed, whilst barely mentioning his imperium and omitting his provincia totally, Augustus confidently asserts that he excelled all in influence. 23 His choice to emphasise his unofficial power rather than his potestas was again politically expedient, reinforcing the image that Augustus was not the destroyer of the Republican tradition, but a great man who had been rewarded for service to his country. The latter image was far more acceptable to the conservative nobility, who, as a result of the peace and success that Augustus had heralded, and also due to the memories of the functi oning Republic becoming more distant, were increasingly prepared to collaborate with Augustus and accept his diluted version of monarchy. Allied to his pursuit of personal popularity, Augustus also attempted to reduce the instinctive Roman hostility towards one man having overt control through creating an image of hereditary rule far removed from previous notions of tyranny and poor government. A skilled propagandist, Augustus presented himself simultaneously as a benevolent patriarch, a skilled general who actively championed the liberty of the Republic24and added to its glory, and a great statesman. He also manipulated his position as the divi filius of the deified Caesar, and encouraged, particularly in the provinces, the development of an imperial cult. To propagate these images, Augustus employed subtle yet pervasive propaganda. Coins were minted and statues built in praise of Augustus achievements, and poets such as Horace and Virgil were encouraged to write in praise of the princeps and the Empire. Commonly ascribed to him were the virtues of, as he writes in the Res Gestae, courage, clemency, justice and piety,25 and even the cognomen Augustus was suggestive, meaning revered one. Although the amassing of auctoritas continued until his death, by 19BC Augustus had certainly started to evolve into a monarchical figure who boasted the support of the Roman people and had largely overcome resistance to his rule. Whilst Augustus longevity and continued success would allow his power to further increase, by 19BC he had, as Suetonius claimed was his aim, built firm and lasting foundations for the Government of the State. 26 His next concern was to ensure that these foundations which I have established for the State will abide secure. 27 This appears to be a veiled reference to his wish to appoint a successor, which is perhaps the best proof that Augustus aim was always to develop hereditary monarchy in Rome. Even before 19BC, Augustus was preoccupied with the issue of the succession, particularly during his serious illness of 23BC. Although Dio asserts that Augustus did not, to be sure, appoint a successor,28 he, perhaps surprisingly, states that all were expecting that Marcellus would be preferred for the position29 (Augustus seemed to instead prefer Agrippa). The latter quotes suggests that even as early as 23BC, there was a growing acceptance of hereditary rule, one of the most important precepts of monarchical government. By 19BC, the precepts of monarchy, only recently anathema to proud senators and politicians, were beginning to become the undeniable realities of a Roman political system increasingly dominated by one individual, Augustus Caesar, who had carefully yet systematically undermined the values of the Republican system he had purported to protect. Whilst Augustus did not officially possess monarchical power and was ultimately subject to the law and constitution, his skill in amassing numerous offices, powers and honours, combined with his popularity and unparalleled auctoritas, meant that his authority was increasingly unchecked. Even after only 15 years of rule, Caesars heir had skilfully laid the foundations for a monarchy distinctly Roman, a monarchy cloaked in Republican phraseology and custom, yet which would consign the Republic itself forever to history.