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Argumentative Essay on the Importance of Physical...

Argumentative Essay As America attempts to better it’s elementary education system, they progressively eliminate the amount of time spent for physical education. They believe that this approach is necessary to vacate time in the day for more possible time in the classroom learning core subjects; such as math, English, reading, etc. This may seem like a productive way to better educate their pupils, but in fact they could be limiting their potential learning capacity by restricting their daily physical education. In children, daily physical activity leads to more productive brains. Elementary schools need to increase their requirements for physical education, because younger brains are more vulnerable to the positive effects of†¦show more content†¦It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long term memory and spatial navigation. When all these chemicals are sent to the brain they are mainly being sent to the hippocampus. This leads to larger a nd more productive cells within the hippocampus. In turn, leading to a stronger long-term memory (Anissimov). Having a better memory inevitably leads to better learning, if focused on learning. So due to the functions of the hippocampus and the actions taking place in the brain. Exercise leads to a more productive and better learning brain. In a peer reviewed article Sanna Stroth and others discussed the research project where they preformed extensive research on ways that exercise effects the brain. Their research showed that regular physical exercise has been shown to stimulate brain vascularization, increase levels of brain neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and noradrenalin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which in turn increase the survival ability of neurons and neurogenesis. These changes create a basis for better learning, retention and performance, leading to a more efficient, plastic and adaptive brain. With increased physical fitness, they found improv ed cognitive flexibility and cognitive control. Also their participants working memory was partly influenced by increased physical fitness (Stroth, el al). In children the process becomes even more beneficial. The frontal lobe in childrenShow MoreRelatedHenry D. Thoreaus views on nature, society, and man.1526 Words   |  7 Pagespublic school in Concord. However, he refused to flog children as punishment. He choose instead to deliver moral lectures. The community looked down upon this, and a committee was asked to review the situation. They decided that the lectures were not ample punishment, so they ordered Thoreau to flog disobedient students. With disapproval he lined up six children after school that day, flogged them, and handed in his resignation. He felt that physical punishment should have no part in education. 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These children then are not able to receive an education of their own and the cycle continues to repeat itself. Analysis of the rhetorical purpose Varying child labor laws and culturalRead MoreChild Labor As A Cultural Norm1251 Words   |  6 Pagesstopped, the consequences will remain as they have over the years. Child labor leads to lack of time or sufficient funds to get an education. Without an education, job opportunities are scarce and thus children are forced into the industry to make the little that they do, in order to help their family make ends meet. These children then are not able to receive an education of their own and the cycle continues to repeat itself. Analysis of the rhetorical purpose Varying child labor laws and culturalRead MoreInfluences On My Identity Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesidentity, typically in response to culture influences around them. 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Consequently, there are a number of negative effects, for example, achieving bad academic performance and inappropriate relationshipRead MoreChild and Young Person Development5222 Words   |  21 Pages[pic] Physical Development birth-3years The physical development for this age group is described below: Baby raises head and chest when lying on stomach and supports its upper body with arms when lying on stomach they are able to stretch their legs out and kick when lying on their stomach or back. They are able to open and shut their hands, pushing down on their legs when their feet are placed on a firm surface. At this age sucking and grasping reflexes develop the baby is able to focus andRead MoreEssay about Claudius Galen of Pergamum3842 Words   |  16 Pagesis dedicated to his accomplishments; this coverage often does not do him justice. Of the sources specifically written about Galen, most are fairly old and tend to focus a lot on Galens philosophies and how his ideas measure up to the different schools of thought that existed in his time rather than on his medical acclaim. Newer and sometimes less complete sources on Galen often neglect to discuss extensively the philosophical aspect of Galens works. Nevertheless, both medical pursuits and philosophyRead MoreEssay on Leve l 3 Childrens and Young Peoples Workforce Assignment 0234376 Words   |  18 PagesUnderstand the importance of early intervention to support the speech, language and communication needs of children and young people | E | E Complete table | 5. Understand the potential effects of transitions on children and young people’s development | Task A - Complete tables; Questions A1 Candidates will complete the five tables on the following pages, showing the sequence and rate of development for children and young people from birth to 19 years. 1. Physical development

Human Service Organisations

Question: Discuss about theHuman Service Organisations. Answer: Introduction There are asylum seekers all across the world and it is becoming a global phenomenon. The increasing war, terrorism, violence as well as persecution are the main causes of increasing homeless people all across the world. The people are fleeing from their home countries in order to seek secure place, where they can live with their family in minimum security. The increments of the global issues are causes of growing concern among the policy makers and rulers of different countries. Illegal immigrant, refugees are currently the global issue and increasingly growing all across the countries (McNeill, P 2003, pp.487-502). Moreover, due to these problems the asylum seekers are growing all over the world and Australia is not out of these phenomena. In Australia also the immigrants issue raising the concern among the government authorities and the policy makers of the country. In order to provide shelter to the immigrants in Australia there are several asylums, where the refugees and homeles s people take shelter. Moreover, several social services organizations are working for the well being of the emigrant seek people. The condition of the refugee camp or the asylums is not good (Miller, C 2004, pp. 158-187). Moreover, it can be said that there are worse condition in the refugee camp and in the asylum. The key sites for the detention camp for the home seeker are situated in the Western Australia, South Australia along with Charismas Island. The social workers have the responsibility to ensure appropriate healthcare services within the detention center for the immigrants. Critical Conceptualisation of the Organisations The nature and the complexity of the problems are depicted in the organisation helps in the creation of the problems and the challenges for the organisation with creating continuous growth. It thereby helps in considering the issues that creates the global call with the provision of the judgement for the creation of the social value. It thereby provides the enhancement of the process with creating appropriate communication of the system and thereby the considerations are created by the help of the social value. It thereby also helps in considering the views which seem to be focusing on the social value and the creating an impact on the organisation (Bliss, 2015, pp. 57-68). The critical conceptualisation helps in the creation of ability for the enhancement of the programs and thereby it also helps in the creation of advancement regarding the social entrepreneurship and the social entrepreneurship in the organisation. The growth emphasis is provided on the governmental role with there by helps in providing the impact on the organisation and thereby the considerations are created by the enhancement of the driving changes with thereby creating an diverse environment in the organisation. It thereby also helps in the creation of the financial needs which creating he driving management (Boehm and Yoels, 2008, pp. 1360-1380). Though the days are seemed to be relying on the philanthropic, who grants alone with funding changes in the process. The considerations are created for the enhancement of the initiatives and thereby the new process and the products with the services are implemented for the innovation (Bliss, 2015, pp. 57-68). The social intrepreneurship and the social entrepreneurship conducts the job with thereby helps in conducting the views with creating the entrepreneurship and also carrying the social works with the consideration of the social works and thereby the transformation in the organisation are taking place for the enhancement of the social workers and thereby the focus on the innovation and the creativity is created for undertaking the business and also helps in the creation of the social solution (Briskman, Zion and Loff, 2012, pp. 37-55). With the creation of influence in the strategies of the organisation, the financially sustainable changes are created for the appropriate represent ation of the social work and thereby the utilization of the growing opportunities is created by the enhancement of the social work of the students. The consideration of the social workers helps in the creation of sustainable social changes that helps in focusing on the engagement of the practices with the consideration of the Midwestern states. Critical Conceptualisation of the Recipients of Services The social work has long embraced advocating the vulnerable populations which are enhanced with providing the vulnerable populations with forming the consideration of the historical professions. It there by helps in the creation of the advancement in the advocacy and thereby helps in highlighting the strategies which are depicted in the consideration of the practical models for the purpose of creating the appropriate framework for the development, implementing and evaluating the framework of the advocacy problems (Coffey et al., 2010, pp. 2070-2079). It thereby also helps in considering the views which seems to be evaluating the tests regarding the model and thereby the response helps in the appropriate approach consideration with viewing the quantitative feedback. The innovation helps in the creation of the risk taking and thereby the creation of suggestion helps in the creation of specific periods which helps in enabling the strategies for the creation of the recipient of the servi ces provided by the organisation for the enhancement of the society and thereby the creation of the enhancement helps in the creation of the field for implementing the changes regarding the social entrepreneurs and thereby the funders research this field for the enhancement of the development strategies (Cohen, 2002, pp. 17-38). With the context of withstanding the knowledge and the approach for gaining the social entrepreneurship, the conduction of the needs and the clients and the communities are enhances with creating the enhancement of the social entrepreneurships. The review regarding the critical conceptualisation of the recipients of services helps in indicating the changes which are depicted for the enhancement of the scale of change and thereby the addressing of the issues that are depicted in this case (Fook, 2015, pp.287-292). The social transformation seems to be enabled by the social transformation which helps in galvanising the ability in order to mitigate the organisa tional errors and thereby the creation of the wide range of social value seems to be depicted in this case. The considerations of this case helps in mitigating the market failures and thereby the scale of changes are depicted in order to create hope and thereby the initiation of the social changes are addressed which helps in the satisfying the needs of the social entrepreneurs. The social workers help in identifying the notification regarding the changes which are depicted for the enhancement of the case and thereby the strategic process are also depicted for this case with the consideration of the social innovation and the entrepreneurship (Giesler et al., 2012, pp.236-254). Critical Conceptualisation of the Human Service Workers The human service workers are most important for the detention center as they play significant role in the well being of the people, who compel to flee from their home country in order to seek safe, shelter and security for themselves. The contribution of the human services workers to secure good health, and well being of the immigrants are immense (Miller, K, 2009, pp. 79-97). There are different types of human services workers some of them are working with children and women, some are working with old, some are working with disabled peoples, some are working with the diseases and all the social workers are playing significant role in the detention center (Mullaly, R, 2007, pp.252-286). The human services worker should maintain some ethics in order to provide care services to the needy people. The arena of human services is widely defined. The human services workers should have some skill and knowledge about the work, which are required by the job they have to do. The human services professional have to be alert on the cases of the detention centers. Moreover, they should have preoccupied prevention so that they can help the needy people in the time when they required any help from the services providers. The services providers should have appropriate skill and communication capability so that they can help the needy people by accurately communicating them (Ozanne, E Rose, D, 2013, pp. 42-58). In Australia there is several training camp for the social services providers as well as several institute offer courses on the social services, which help the social services providers to give the proper services at the time of the need. In the refugee camp or detention center the people come from various part of the world. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the Australian government to secure the life of the immigrants people who have to leave their home and compel to take shelter in another country. The people in order to seek shelter come from one country to the other country with family and children as their home country has stringent trouble from natural calamity, war and terrorism. The country Australia provide shelter to the refugee people in this country and for this reason there are several asylum has been built. Where the homeless people are taking shelter here the government set up a process so that they can obtain food, shelter and necessary medicine for securing their life (Wallace, J Pease, B, 2011,pp. 132-142). The social workers responsibility is to ensure that all these services are reaching to the homeless people. In order to provide these services the social workers should have adequate skill and knowledge which help them to provide sufficient social care services to the immigrant people who take shelter in the detention camp in Australia. Critical Conceptualisation of the Role of Social/Human Service Workers With the consideration of the role of the social services or the human service workers, the people enquiry is depicted for the enhancement of the injustice and thereby the consideration of the range of the actors are depicted in regarding the immigration detention system with depicting the consideration of compelling services and thereby the detention facilities are detected. The evidence is depicted in this case helps in considering the views that are seemed to be requisite for the malevolent practices and thereby the detention practices and the enhanced with depicting the testimonies (Hasenfeld and Garrow, 2012, pp. 33-57). The professional groups helps in the creation of the detention centre for the social and the health welfare services with thereby helps in considering the evidences and the health providers. The consideration of the prominent groups helps in the creation of the agents and the faith with the group representatives and thereby the lawyers and the migration agents a nd the faith groups are represented. It thereby helps in the creation of the advocates on the former immigration detainees and thereby the advocates with focusing on the physical and the mental conditions. With the consideration of the unhealthy conditions are depicted with the consideration of the services and thereby the breaching of the human rights are depicted with the building the detention centres (Healy, 2004, pp.103-114). The documentation shows the clear breaching of the health and the exclusion of the designated helps in the creation of the frequent damaging and thereby the consideration of the public helps in the exaggeration of the problems regarding the practitioners detention environment. It thereby also helps in the creation of the professional actions which are depicted in this case. The consideration also helps in covering the social works that are depicted for measuring the role depicted. The rejection of the strategies helps in the creation if the enhancement wan d thereby the consideration of the immigration detention with the social works academics helps in the creating the organisational culture that depicts the identification of the organisational norms (Johnston, 2009, pp. 40-46). The medical discourses are considered with thereby depicting the enhancement helps in the courage and determination and the ideology is seemed to be focused with the enhancement services for the consideration of the issues. The immigration also helps in the creation of the enhancement and thereby the creation helps in the enhancement of the issues that are depicted for the enhancement of the structure and thereby the consideration is requisite for the immigration of the authorities in order to meet the medical discourses (McDonald, C, 2006, pp.115-132). Conclusion Refugee issue is the widespread issue and spread over the world and in order handle this issue the government of Australia has taken several steps. There are detention centers, refugee camps built in the Western Australia, South Australia and Christian island, where the immigrant homeless people all over the world take shelter. In these centers the needy people obtain food, shelter and healthcare help from the government. Moreover, in these matters, the social care organization provides great contribution as they ensure the useful healthcare services, medicines and food products can be reached properly to the needy people. There are asylum seekers all over the world and it is becoming a global phenomenon( McDonald, C Marston, G, 2006, pp. 171-182). The main causes of these are increasing war, terrorism, violence as well as persecution. Moreover, the increasing homeless people all across the world growing concern of the policy makers and global leaders. The people are running away fr om their home countries in order to search for secure place, where they can live with their family in minimum security. Moreover, the social services workers have the responsibility to ensure that all the facilities provide to the immigrants are reaching to the needy people and they get minimum facility to improve their life. References Bliss, D. (2015). Using the Social Work Advocacy Practice Model to Find Our Voices in Service of Advocacy.Human Service Organizations Management, Leadership Governance, 39(1), pp.57-68. Boehm, A. and Yoels, N. (2008). Effectiveness of Welfare Organizations: The Contribution of Leadership Styles, Staff Cohesion, and Worker Empowerment.British Journal of Social Work, 39(7), pp.1360-1380. Briskman, L., Zion, D. and Loff, B. (2012). Care or Collusion in Asylum Seeker Detention.Ethics and Social Welfare, 6(1), pp.37-55. Coffey, G., Kaplan, I., Sampson, R. and Tucci, M. (2010). The meaning and mental health consequences of long-term immigration detention for people seeking asylum.Social Science Medicine, 70(12), pp.2070-2079. Cohen, B. (2002). Alternative Organizing Principles for the Design of Service Delivery Systems.Administration in Social Work, 26(2), pp.17-38. Fook, J. (2015). Critical Social Work Practice.International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, pp.287-292. Giesler, F., Parris, A., Weaver, L., Hall, L. and Sullivan, Q. (2012). Sources of Information that Influence Social Service Public Policy Decisions.Journal of Policy Practice, 11(4), pp.236-254. Hasenfeld, Y. and Garrow, E. (2012). Nonprofit Human-Service Organizations, Social Rights, and Advocacy in a Neoliberal Welfare State.Social Service Review, 86(2), pp.295-322. Hasenfeld, Y. and Garrow, E. (2012). Nonprofit Human-Service Organizations, Social Rights, and Advocacy in a Neoliberal Welfare State.Social Service Review, 86(2), pp.295-322. Healy, K. (2004). Social workers in the new human services marketplace: Trends, challenges and responses.Aust Social Work, 57(2), pp.103-114. Johnston, V. (2009). Australian asylum policies: have they violated the right to health of asylum seekers?.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33(1), pp.40-46. McDonald, C Marston, G 2006, Room to move? Professional discretion at the frontline of welfare-to-work, Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 171-182. McDonald, C 2006, Re-constructing service users, in C McDonald (ed), Challenging social work: the institutional context of practice, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, England, pp. 115-132. McLaughlin, H 2009, Whats in a name: client, patient, customer, expert by experience, service user whats next?, British Journal of Social Work, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1101-1117. McNeill, P 2003, Public health ethics: asylum seekers and the case for political actions, Bioethics, vol. 17, no. 5-6, pp. 487-502. Miller, C 2004, The engagement of service users, in C Miller (ed), Producing welfare: a modern agenda, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, pp. 158-187. Miller, K 2009, Cultural approaches, in K Miller Organizational communication: approaches and processes, 5th edn, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston, pp. 79-97. Mullaly, R 2007, Oppression: the focus of structural social work, in RP Mullaly (ed), The new structural social work 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Ont, pp. 252-286. Ozanne, E Rose, D 2013, The organisational context of human service practice, Palgrave MacMillan, South Yarra, Victoria. Wallace, J Pease, B 2011, Neoliberalism and Australian social work: accommodation or resistance?, Journal of Social Work, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 132-142.

What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC Essay Example

What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC Essay The key component of monarchy as a political system is generally considered to be the rule, usually in this period absolute, of one person over a state for the duration of their lifetime. It also contains an inherently hereditary nature, with the holder of the office not being elected or appointed through a political process, but named by their predecessor as heir. Rome of the first century BC, however, boasted a strong tradition of proud Republicanism; a tradition with which the concept of monarchy seemed wholly incompatible. Despite the virtual collapse of the Roman Republic in the foregoing years of military demagogues and civil war, and the systematic murder of vehement Republicans such as Cicero under the Triumvirate, the concept of hereditary rule was still widely regarded with hostility following the Battle of Actium. Memories of Julius Caesars adoption of quasi-monarchical powers in Rome loomed large, and the civil war had left the concept of monarchy indelibly associated with the eastern despotism and excess of the reviled Cleopatra. Such different systems of government are seemingly irreconcilable, being as they are inherently antagonistic. Yet Augustus Caesar, one of the most consummate politicians of the ancient world, somehow managed to achieve what had eluded all his predecessors; the establishment and maintenance of sustainable political dominance in Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Throughout his long period of rule, Augustus was careful to cloak the reality of his power in Republican phraseology and custom, yet, in bequeathing the Roman world a legacy of hereditary rule in many ways akin to monarchy, he simultaneously destroyed the very fabric and ideals of the Republican tradition. Following his victory over Antony at Actium, Caesars young heir, was, by his own admission, in complete control of affairs1 in Rome. At this point, Octavian enjoyed power similar to that of his adoptive father. Yet, although the true foundations of his pre-eminence his imperium over a vast army, granted in 43BC,2 his triumphant emergence from the civil war, and his command of unparalleled financial resources- had been established, Octavian was in no sense a monarch at this point. His regime lacked stability, especially since his position may have had little constitutional validity. His official term as triumvir had ended in either 33 or 32BC, and there is little solid evidence that he was ever granted additional extraordinary powers, although this possibility cannot be discounted. The Res Gestae inevitably points to the rather ambiguous universal consent,3 as the foundation of this dominance, which, given that Octavian had defeated the unpopular Antony and that all hopes of the peace Rome desperately craved now lay with the young man, may actually contain a grain of truth. Whether universal consent was the sole basis of his power or not, support was likely to have a finite duration, given that Octavians dominance was redolent of the political systems most despised, monarchy and dictatorship. The precedent of his adoptive father, however, loomed large, and Octavian, a consummate politician, was all too aware of the probable peril of riding roughshod over Republican sentiment; assassination. He recognised that, for his power to be sustainable, it would have to develop a basis acceptable to the Roman conscience. This is not necessarily proof that Octavian held any genuine desire to fully revive the Republic; whilst Suetonius asserts that twice Augustus seriously thought of restoring the Republican ystem,4 the princeps actions reveal any such intention, if it did ever exist, quickly evaporated. Octavian, despite his propagandist assertions to the contrary in the Res Gestae, was in all probability interested in maintaining and sustaining his power; in translating Caesars dream of permanent, stable family dominance into the realm of the possible and achievable. To do this, he had to create a monarchy veiled in Republican terminology and tradition, and establish himself as a mo narchical figure acceptable to the Romans. Dio leaves us in little doubt as to Octavians motives, claiming that he was eager to establish the monarchy in very truth. 5 In terms of establishing a stable political system in which his own power was accepted, Octavian used two main tactics. Firstly, he had to secure a constitutional legitimacy for his continued dominance, and, as Suetonius claimed, take great trouble to prevent his political system from causing any individual distress,6 particularly to the conservative political classes. Octavian, as quoted by Suetonius, was eager to build firm and lasting foundations for the Government of the State. 7 Secondly, and just as importantly, he had to secure his personal popularity amongst the Roman people, and cultivate a new, acceptable image of monarchy far removed from popular images of tyranny and despotism. In terms of achieving a new constitution, Octavian realised that he would have to tread exceptionally carefully, given that resistance to overt displays of power was strongest amongst the conservatives of the Senate. Ever the shrewd politician, Octavian quickly realised that, paradoxically, the best way to obtain sustainable personal power was to appease the elite by posing as the defender, rather than the destroyer, of the Republican tradition. Octavian, once known for his ruthless ambition, suddenly and seamlessly metamorphosed into the saviour of Roman liberty, an image which he would cultivate until his death. The settlement of 27BC was the striking culmination of this tactic; Octavian appeared before the senate and resigned all of his extraordinary powers. The Res Gestae alludes to the event only briefly, but, given its propagandist purpose, understandably implies that Augustus was acting benevolently as he transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome. 8 The ambiguity of this statement conceals the true nature of the settlement, which Dio more accurately paints as a clever trick to have his supremacy ratified by the Senate9 and the Res Gestae fails to mention the vast provincia that Octavian, now rewarded with the cognomen Augustus, received in return. Suetonius, who also addresses the settlement only peripherally, informs us that Augustus kept for himself all the more vigorous provinces;10 these were Gaul, Spain (excluding Baetica), Syria and Cyprus, over which he gained proconsular authority for a ten year period, in addition to Egypt, which he administered as virtually his own private kingdom. Suetonius and the Res Gestae, however, both neglect to mention that Augustus retained control of all the legions (although Dio to an extent implies this in saying that Augustus took the more powerful11). In addition, Augustus continued to stand for, and was elected to, the consulship. This was an unprecedented move, as no previous public figure had held both consular and proconsular authority concurrently. Undoubtedly, the settlement was not a service12 to Rome as Augustus implied, but an enormously clever manipulation of the Senate that simultaneously gave Augustus vast powers within the Republican system, legitimised his position, and won him mass acclaim. The claims in the Res Gestae that after this time I possessed no more official power than others who were my colleagues in several magistracies13 are strictly true, but what is omitted is the fact that Augustus had an unparalleled accumulation of magistracies. Dio even dates the foundation of the monarchy to the settlement of 27BC, claiming In this way the power of both people and senate passed entirely into the hands of Augustus, and from this time there was, strictly speaking, a monarch14 Arguably, this statement needs to be qualified on two grounds. Firstly, Augustus did not have absolute legal power; he still ultimately accountable to the law. Additionally, many facets of the Republic were restored, albeit in a modified form the Senate regained control over the more peaceful provinces, and all magistrates performed their traditional functions. Secondly, the settlement did not instantaneously establish a monarchy; it merely provided the constitutional basis for, and therefore enhanced the legitimacy of, Augustus dominance within the Republic. Further enhancements were made to the political settlement in 23BC, when Augustus renounced the perpetual consulship and gained instead all the components of tribunician power, in addition to imperium maius over the other consuls that was valid even with the boundary of the pomerium. This settlement is alluded to neither in the Res Gestae (Augustus simply mentions that he was awarded tribunician power15) or in Suetonius, whose coverage of constitutional matters is sketchy. Dio mentions that Augustus was granted tribunician power, but only vaguely implies a political purpose in saying Augustus resigned the consulship n order that as many as possible might become consuls16 The reason for these changes is unclear; one interpretation is that Augustus wanted to make his power even less overt, perhaps as a result of a conspiracy against his life in 24BC (although Dio dates the conspiracy to 22BC, the year after the settlement,17 which may suggest that it occurred as a response to the settl ement), another is that referred to above by Dio, namely, that he realised his monopoly of the consulship was infuriating other politicians as it limited their possibilities of advancement to the position. Although the second settlement ostensibly reduced Augustus power, depriving him of his consular imperium, and probably, therefore, his imperium within Rome itself, it transpired that the period of 24BC-19BC was key in the establishment of the principate. To what extent Augustus anticipated the constructive effects of the settlement is difficult to gauge, but given his immense political acumen, it cannot be discounted that the settlement was a highly calculated move. To the politically unsophisticated masses, this settlement indicated Augustus resignation from Roman politics. Fortuitously for Augustus, this resignation coincided with damaging floods and food shortages, which the superstitious interpreted as negative omens. In consequence, there were demands for Augustus to accept the dictatorship or the perpetual consulship,18 a clear validation of his continued dominance. Augustus refused, claiming that I would not accept any office inconsistent with the custom of our ancestors. 19 He thus managed to simultaneously emerge with an enhanced reputation, and with popular support that could potentially be used as leverage to force the senators into acquiescence. Any loss of power, too, seems to have been temporary, for Dio indicates that in 19BC Augustus gained [authority of] consul for life,20 although he did not formally hold the post. This is not mentioned in the Res Gestae, but, given that the constitutional basis of Augustus dominance is largely ignored, this is unsurprising. Between 31BC and 19BC, Augustus established the legal foundation of his predominance extremely successfully. His tactic of acting inside the Roman constitution had allowed him to amass considerable power whilst avoiding offence to Republican sentiment. He had, indeed established the legal foundations of a new position that, although strictly a composite of constitutional positions, allowed him to gradually assume monarchical authority. Augustus choice to omit mention of his legal powers, or potestas in the Res Gestae means that it is easy to underestimate their importance, but by 19BC his legal rights were indeed great; not only did he have proconsular authority over half the empire and control of most of the legions, but his imperium maius enabled him to intervene even in senatorial provinces, whilst the consular imperium he may have received in 19BC gave him legal pre-eminence in Rome itself. Although tribunician power was primarily symbolic, giving Augustus an image as defender of the people, it did allow him to propose legislation and veto the laws of the Senate. Despite these successes in establishing increasing dominance, there were still key differences between the constitutional powers of Augustus and the powers usually associated with monarchy. Augustus ultimately did not enjoy absolute power, as he was accountable to the constitution and the law. Indeed, many of his special rights, namely his proconsular authority over his provincia, were officially only granted for periods of five or ten years, although they would never be revoked. What is paramount, however, is that although Augustus recognised the importance of having his position ratified in constitutional terms, largely in order to secure the acquiescence of the governing class, he did not intend to have his authority continuously scrutinised in terms of legal minutiae. Augustus potestas, or legal powers, clarified his role and legitimised his pre-existing dominance, but Augustus never intended for them to provide an exhaustive description of his role or to limit his powers. Instead, Augustus hoped that, with success and popularity, he would evolve into a monarchical figure acceptable to the Romans, and would be able to issue commands without people inquiring by virtue of what statute he was acting. This unofficial influence, or auctoritas, was a key component of Augustus power. Augustus auctoritas was largely derived from his unparalleled achievements, and, fortuitously for the princeps, these continued to occur after 31BC. Augustus exploited the true foundations of his power, namely his military success and enormous wealth, plus his considerable political skill, to gain triumphs for the Empire. Between 31BC and 19BC he achieved more success in the provinces, pacifying Gaul and Spain and annexing Galatia and Lyconia. In 25BC the Temple of Janus was closed, which, as is mentioned in the Res Gestae, symbolised that victories had secured peace through land and sea throughout the whole empire of the Roman people. 21 Military success was combined with striking munificence; in the Res Gestae Augustus highlights that between 31BC and 19BC he gave 700 sesterces to each of the Roman plebs, that after the war he gave 1000 sesterces to each of his soldiers, and that in 23BC he bought grain to help ease the food shortages. 22 This was in addition to his lauded building programme; by 19BC his immense spending on public works had begun. The inevitable result of such achievements was popularity amongst both the masses and, increasingly, the Senate, and as more people concurred with Augustus dominance his auctoritas further increased. Interestingly, Augustus chose to highlight his auctoritas rather than his potestas in the Res Gestae, which contains the implicit assumption throughout that great successes merited great rewards and influence. Indeed, whilst barely mentioning his imperium and omitting his provincia totally, Augustus confidently asserts that he excelled all in influence. 23 His choice to emphasise his unofficial power rather than his potestas was again politically expedient, reinforcing the image that Augustus was not the destroyer of the Republican tradition, but a great man who had been rewarded for service to his country. The latter image was far more acceptable to the conservative nobility, who, as a result of the peace and success that Augustus had heralded, and also due to the memories of the functi oning Republic becoming more distant, were increasingly prepared to collaborate with Augustus and accept his diluted version of monarchy. Allied to his pursuit of personal popularity, Augustus also attempted to reduce the instinctive Roman hostility towards one man having overt control through creating an image of hereditary rule far removed from previous notions of tyranny and poor government. A skilled propagandist, Augustus presented himself simultaneously as a benevolent patriarch, a skilled general who actively championed the liberty of the Republic24and added to its glory, and a great statesman. He also manipulated his position as the divi filius of the deified Caesar, and encouraged, particularly in the provinces, the development of an imperial cult. To propagate these images, Augustus employed subtle yet pervasive propaganda. Coins were minted and statues built in praise of Augustus achievements, and poets such as Horace and Virgil were encouraged to write in praise of the princeps and the Empire. Commonly ascribed to him were the virtues of, as he writes in the Res Gestae, courage, clemency, justice and piety,25 and even the cognomen Augustus was suggestive, meaning revered one. Although the amassing of auctoritas continued until his death, by 19BC Augustus had certainly started to evolve into a monarchical figure who boasted the support of the Roman people and had largely overcome resistance to his rule. Whilst Augustus longevity and continued success would allow his power to further increase, by 19BC he had, as Suetonius claimed was his aim, built firm and lasting foundations for the Government of the State. 26 His next concern was to ensure that these foundations which I have established for the State will abide secure. 27 This appears to be a veiled reference to his wish to appoint a successor, which is perhaps the best proof that Augustus aim was always to develop hereditary monarchy in Rome. Even before 19BC, Augustus was preoccupied with the issue of the succession, particularly during his serious illness of 23BC. Although Dio asserts that Augustus did not, to be sure, appoint a successor,28 he, perhaps surprisingly, states that all were expecting that Marcellus would be preferred for the position29 (Augustus seemed to instead prefer Agrippa). The latter quotes suggests that even as early as 23BC, there was a growing acceptance of hereditary rule, one of the most important precepts of monarchical government. By 19BC, the precepts of monarchy, only recently anathema to proud senators and politicians, were beginning to become the undeniable realities of a Roman political system increasingly dominated by one individual, Augustus Caesar, who had carefully yet systematically undermined the values of the Republican system he had purported to protect. Whilst Augustus did not officially possess monarchical power and was ultimately subject to the law and constitution, his skill in amassing numerous offices, powers and honours, combined with his popularity and unparalleled auctoritas, meant that his authority was increasingly unchecked. Even after only 15 years of rule, Caesars heir had skilfully laid the foundations for a monarchy distinctly Roman, a monarchy cloaked in Republican phraseology and custom, yet which would consign the Republic itself forever to history.

Psychopharmacology Essay Sample

Psychopharmacology Essay Sample Psychopharmacology and the Effects of Discontinuance Essay Example Psychopharmacology and the Effects of Discontinuance Essay Example Psychiatric medications have been used to control mental disorders for a long time. Their use has been based on little pharmacological understanding of their mode of action in the patients. However, the medication has played a critical role in restoring normalcy in the patient’s mental state of mind. Some medication has impacted negatively on the patient’s health, especially after discontinuation. As a result, there has been an increased need for the caregivers in the psychiatric department to understand the pharmacological impact of the drugs and a wide range of side effect after withdrawal. Most patient use psychiatric medication because of the intense mental, psychological or emotional stress. However, although mental medication normally modifies the patient’s attitude just like any other psychoactive substances, it is essential to understand that such medication does not alter the underlying cause of emotional discomfort. There is a wide range of effects related to the discontinuation of psychiatric medications which includes somatic withdrawal syndrome, a condition that is often mistaken for a relapse. Besides, rapid onset psychotic response after drug withdrawal is common, especially for both neuroleptic drugs and clozapine. However, such outcomes are usual since much research on the medication is flawed. Moreover, there is the fact that current psychiatric conditions are iatrogenic. From the research, it evident that more analysis and investigation on psychiatric medication is essential in order to ensure adverse effects of drug discontinuation does not outweigh the benefits. Understanding Psychopharmacology Clear understanding of the drug pharmacology and its mechanism of action plays a critical role in explaining not only the therapeutic impact and side effects, but also the adverse effects when the medicine is discontinued (Wenzel, 2014). Therefore, a broad review and analysis of the potential consequences connected with the discontinuation of the numerous psychotropic medications is essential. Nowadays, commonly used antidepressants have low instances of side effects when compared to previously used ones. However, some less serious and potentially harmful side effects are associated with a range of new antidepressants prevalent in the market today in an attempt to argument the efficacy (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). Therefore, primary caregivers engaged in the modern psychiatry in the field of psychopharmacologic treatment of depression are required to be aware of the wide range of both minor and serious side effects. The paper largely focuses on psychopharmacology and the effects of disco ntinuing psychotropic medication. Most individuals start taking psychiatric medications due to an extreme sense of distress. The patient is either experiencing overwhelming states of emotional or psychological distress or a combination of both conditions. However, different labels are used for such states such as depression, anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, and mania among others and the labeling changes over time (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). In most instances, the physician informs the patients that their emotional discomfort is a result of mental disorders that have biochemical basis. Moreover,their distress is dangerous and needs to be controlled with the help of psychiatric drugs treatment. Mental medication normally effects the brain and modifies the attitude and awareness just like any other psychoactive substance (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). However, most medications can blunt or control the symptoms of the emotional discomfort by relaxing an individual, shocking the sensitivity, or making patients sleep. The y usually enable people to feel capable of living their lives more comfortably (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). Nonetheless, it is crucial to understand that psychiatric medication does not alter the underlying causes of the emotional distress or discomfort. It is often understood as the tool for coping mechanism that alleviates symptoms and paves the way for the transformation, but with significant risks for anyone who consumes the medication. Just like any other altering substances, psychiatric drugs are psychoactive and adjust the mind behavior through influencing the brain chemistry. Their importance and risks usually result from shifting the brain and altering the consciousness, including the placebo and expectation. In the current medical practice, psychiatric drugs shift the levels of chemicals known as neurotransmitters (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Such chemicals are linked with the mental and mood functioning, and all the cells in the nervous systems, including the brain cells, utilize the neurotransmitters to communicate with one another. When the neurotransmitters’ levels change within the body system, the receptor that receives and controls the neurotransmitter, tends to be more sensitive, thus shrinks in order to adjust (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). For instance, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are known to increase the level of the neurotransmitter in the brain, thus reducing the number of brain serotonin receptors. Furthermore, antipsychotic drugs such as Haldol usually lower the amount of dopamine receptors in the mind (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). The action of the neurotransmitters and the receptors is usually the same in any form of psychoactive medication. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitter including serotonin and dopamine, and the cocaine alters the levels of both serotonin and dopamine (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Despite the risk of psychiatric drugs, the benefits of the medications are widely promoted. The most important aspect of the drugs tends to be mixed with misleading claims. There are different ways psychiatric drugs can be useful. For instance, sleep deprivation is a single cause or contributor to emotional crisis and the psychiatric medication is used to control the condition (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). It is established that psychiatric drugs protect individuals from emotional crisis that is so severe that threatens their mental stability and even their lives. It is reported that symptoms feel manageable on medications and the episodes of depression or mania are eased. Besides, interrupting crisis and getting adequate sleep enable the patient to reduce stress, an aspect that decreases life chaos (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). It is, usually, the groundwork for a greater stability and addresses a situation that could have been difficult to control. Irrespective of the medical principle of informed consent, physicians usually tend to leave crucial information about the psychiatric drugs they prescribe to the patients. Higher doses and extended use of such drugs changes tend to be deeper and long lasting (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). The drugs are often very difficult to stop using because of their adverse effects associated with withdrawal. Though the brain has the potential to heal and repair itself, such process takes a long period for it to recover fully from the withdrawal (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). Besides, it is essential to understand that neuroleptic drugs, though claimed to be anti-psychotic, rarely target psychosis or specific symptoms of mental disorder. Instead, they only diminish the brain functioning in general for any patient using the above medication. Most patients using the drugs report that their psychotic symptoms continue to persist though their emotional reaction tends to lessen. Health and Mental Risk Associated with the Psychiatric Drugs Deciding whether to come off psychiatric drugs implies evaluating both the risks and benefits involved, including essential information about the effects. However, drug effects can vary significantly among individuals. Psychiatric drugs are harmful and can injure the patient’s body (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Neuroleptic drugs can cause life-threatening problems known as neuroleptic malignant syndrome as well as Parkinson disease. Besides, regular blood checkup is crucial for drugs such as lithium and clozapine in order to assess any potential physical harm. Besides, many psychiatric drugs have been found to lead to sudden heart attack, kidney failure, and other serious blood disorders among other effects (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Other toxic effects include interfering with the normal menstrual cycle flow, pregnancy, and serotonin syndrome. Furthermore, psychiatric drugs have the potential to injure the brain cells. For instance, tardive dyskinesia is a common problem that leads to disfigurement of the persons facial fits. It is very widespread among the patients taking high and enduring anti-psychotic drugs (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Antipsychotic medication has been found to cause brain shrinkage while anti-depressant leads to memory problems and increases vulnerability to depression. Other effects include mental and cognitive impairment and brain injury. The drug effect poses the risk of lowering the quality of life, including decreased sexuality, depression, and increased sense of restlessness. Lithium medications interact with water and salt within the patient’s body, leading to potency fluctuation (Wenzel, 2014). Although regular blood tests are used to keep the lithium dosage in check, individuals using the medication are usually at a higher risk of exposure to it. Other psychiatric drugs such as Ritalin and Adderall have been reported to cause stunted growth among the children. They also present an unknown risk to the normal brain growth. Besides, just like amphetamines, Ritalin and Adderall are also addictive and cause psychosis and heart problems (Wenzel, 2014). Mental health risks are the least understood aspects of psychiatric medications. Such medications make psychotic symptoms worse and raise the likelihood of having a crisis. The drugs have the potential to change receptors. For instance, such neurotransmitter as dopamine makes a patient supersensitive to psychosis (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). As a result, it raises sensitivity of the emotions and the experiences. It has been reported that psychiatric drug prompts suicidal feelings as one of the psychotic symptoms. However, physicians tend to respond by prescribing more drugs to the diagnosis. Furthermore, many people experience increasing change in personality, including feeling drugged, emotional blunting, reduced physics, and impaired creativity (Wenzel, 2014). Patients taking psychiatric medication, particularly anti-psychotics, have been found to develop long term problems as mental patients. Side Effect of Psychopharmacology Discontinuance The discontinuation or reduction of psychiatric drugs leads to adverse medical problems. The somatic discontinuation syndrome also commonly known as a withdrawal reaction is the most prevalent. The syndrome usually refers to the psychological expression of the biological effects caused by the discontinuation of a regularly administered medication (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). Such syndromes have previous been conceptualized as resulting from biological adaptations to the continued psychotic drug use, which became suddenly unopposed when the drug is withdrawn, especially abruptly. It is now established that the withdrawal syndrome occurs with a wide array of medications, and not only the anti-depressants and neuroleptics. However, the response to the lithium medication has been recognized as the most frequent (Landry Skalli, 2010). In some instances, the discontinuation reaction has been reported to persist for an extended period of times (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). Besides, the most c ases of withdrawal symptoms usually included behavioral and psychological ones such as restlessness, anxiety, and impaired sleep which are often interpreted as the signs of relapse. Rapid Onset Psychosis Rapid onset psychosis is one of the common effects of psychopharmacology discontinuation. It entails occurrence of the psychotic incidents shortly after withdrawal from long term usage of psychiatric drugs, particularly neuroleptic. However, the occurrence of such cases is higher in clozapine, where a number of cases have demonstrated this effect in the patients with both treatment resistance and responsive psychosis (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). The rapid onset psychosis appears usually few days after the withdrawal, and the symptoms tend to be consistent including visual hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and hostility. Nonetheless, most of the cases have been documented in the people without previous psychiatric histories. In addition, there are few cases of new onset psychotic symptoms documented in the patients that were previously diagnosed with manic depression problem (Landry Skalli, 2010). Nonetheless, evidence points out the possibility that psychotic reaction tends to be distinctive from the underlying disorder and usually represents an iatrogenic syndrome. The prevalence of the people without previous known psychiatric history strengthens the evidence to this effect and the new start of specific signs documented in many other cases (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). The comparative constancy of the symptoms also indicates the possibility that they are all related to the symptoms of stimulant psychosis attributed to over-activity of the dopamine. However, the rapidity of the onset indicates that the phenomenon is a physical manifestation of the withdrawal process. Furthermore, in the case of clozapine, it is explicit that the occurrence of the effects coincided with the somatic withdrawal syndrome (Landry Skalli, 2010). Although it is challenging to understand how frequent the somatic syndrome is, it has been described commonly after the clozapine withdrawal, an aspect att ributable to the clozapine short half-life. However, as for the psychiatric drugs with a longer half-life, a withdrawal psychosis is often misinterpreted for a naturally occurring reversion, since its onset tends to be less rapid (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). Psychological Reaction and Misattribution Theoretically, reduction or discontinuation of psychiatric drugs has the potential to prompt psychological reactions that are similar to the opposite of the placebo effect commonly known as the nocebo effect (Landry Skalli, 2010). The term describes a situation where expectation of illness induces real illness. A number of investigations have shown that individuals can become ill and psychologically stressed through suggestion. Nocebo effect is the idea that the outcome of the withdrawal may become influenced by the negative anticipation of the psychiatric patients or others involved with their care. It is usually influenced by either reduction of the drug supply in the body or the somatic withdrawal because of the drug amount reduced (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Theoretically, it can be distinguished from the psychological symptoms displayed directly by the biological effects of the drug discontinuation though in practice it might be problematic. Nonetheless, a psychologica l reaction might be less consistent in its symptom profile and the onset rather than the withdrawal symptom (Landry Skalli, 2010). Therefore, anxiety tends to be the most prominent symptom of misattribution. An individual involved with the patients’ care experiences substantial anxiety about changes in medication, specifically, in the reduction in long-term drug treatment. As a result, such feeling may be transferred to the patient and tend to exacerbate the psychological reaction in the patients (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Besides, there is a related scenario that normal long-term fluctuations in the patient’s condition are misattributed to the impact of the drug withdrawal by the patient or others who are concerned about the outcome of the reduction. It is a very common incident and occurs when clinical offices are opposed to the decision to decrease discontinuation of the medication (Stahl, 2014). In such situation, all the negative events that happen after change in the psychiatric drug schedule are related to it irrespective of the previous occurrences. Psychological reaction is a very critical concept just like physiological withdrawal syndrome; it is usually mistaken for relapse. Moreover, they contribute to the re-occurrence of the psychotic illness (Stahl, 2014). Re-Occurrence of an Underlying Condition This complication results from the relapse or the exacerbation of the underlying medical illness due to discontinuation of the psychiatric drugs. The association between the decreased medication and relapse is usually complex (Stahl, 2014). However, a relapse occurs after the prescribed medications discontinuation largely because of the removal of the beneficial prophylactic impacts of the medication (Wenzel, 2014). Furthermore, the withdrawal process in itself also induces a degeneration that would not otherwise have ensued during the time of the natural course of the disorder. Despite the earlier skepticism, there is a consensus that discontinuing of lithium medication raises the risk of relapse of the manic depression above the levels related to the natural course of the mental illness. The increased risk of relapse is usually common within the first few days of discontinuations and usually ends thereafter. However, high rate of relapse occurs after a rapid withdrawal compared to a gradual withdrawal (Stahl, 2014). Besides, the rate of recurrence after withdrawal from lithium medication usually exceeds the rates of episodes before lithium medication initiation (Wenzel, 2014). Pharmacodynamics Adaptation Long-term use of psychiatric drugs, especially those that suppress specific neurotransmitters, is believed to cause the compensatory rises in the number of sensitivity of the relevant receptors. When such receptors are no longer suppressed by the drugs, there is usually an over activity of the neurotransmitters systems (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). It results in characteristic discontinuation syndromes that lead to rapid onset psychosis and eventually pharmacodynamics stress, which increases the vulnerability to a relapse. Furthermore, research on the super sensitivity psychosis has indicated that humans exhibit shifts in dopamine receptors, especially after a long period of neuroleptic drug use. Nonetheless, the connection between dopamine and psychosis receptor over-sensitivity has not been examined empirically while presumed manifestations of dopamine super-sensitivity such as prolactin sensitivity have not been demonstrated consistently (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Elevated risk of relapse consequent on the discontinuation of the medication is largely attributed to the same model of pharmacodynamics adaptations. Abrupt withdrawal of neuroleptics and lithium is usually associated with elevated risks. On the other hand, gradual withdrawal would be consistent with such explanation because of the lower opportunity for adaptations and return to normal (Landry Skalli, 2010). Since the adaptation is usually present only for weeks in human after a single dose, it explains why the risk of relapse persists months after the initial withdrawal. Furthermore, psychological reaction to the discontinuation of the psychiatric medication causes symptom and increases the vulnerability to relapse. Research case studies indicate such effects in humans with psychosis. However, psychological reaction is also very prevalent among individual suffering from depression (Landry Skalli, 2010). Besides, psychological effects combine with pharmacodynamics mechanisms in dif ferent ways. For instance, elimination sedating and intoxicating effects of the medication raise the anxiety directly or indirectly by reminding people that their medication is being discontinued. Therefore, the psychological reactions of the staffs, patients, and the caregivers are critical determinants of the success or failure of discontinuation (Landry Skalli, 2010). In conclusion, it is evident that though psychopharmacology plays a critical role in psychiatry; withdrawal often leads to a variety of effects either minor or serious. Although antidepressants and other medication alleviate the potential impairing syndrome of depression and other mental illnesses, it is essential to acknowledge the significance of their side effects in order to maintain compliance (Wenzel, 2014) However, since the adverse effects outlined above may be mistaken for a re-emergence of the underlying illness, it will be essential to re-evaluate the evidence on the value of maintenance of the psychiatric medications. The placebo groups are often subject to above adverse effects. However, since such facts are often overlooked, they are attributable to the underlying illness and are taken as evidence of superiority of the continued use of such medications (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). When relapse is basically evaluated simply as clinical deterioration, somatic discontinuation symptoms, as well as anxiety induced process are mistaken for it. There is the critical need for improvement in the awareness of the side effects of the psychiatric medications used in the treatment of most disabling mental illnesses (Stahl, 2014). As a result, it will play a critical role in eliminating misinterpretation evident between side effects and relapse of the condition and ensure that the benefits of discontinuation outweigh the side effects.

Human Growth and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Growth and Development - Essay Example sociological and biological interactions of the individual sets off an individual on deviant behavior which when left untreated debilitates the scope of a normal adulthood (Castellanos-Ryan et al, 2013, p41). Drug abuse and addiction is today a major public health concern. Drugs modify normal brain functioning in regions of the brain mainly associated with thinking, reasoning and cognition (Gould, 2010, p4). Neurotoxins have lesser impact on developing brains because of the resilient ability of the brains; however, exposure to drugs and alcohol interrupts the normal brain development and interferes with key processes of the brain, deteriorates white matter quality and leads to abnormal neuronal pattern (Squeglia et al, 2009, p31). Swendson et al (2010, p390) carried out a cross-sectional study to examine the prevalence of addiction among U.S. adolescents and found that by the late adolescent years 79% had consumed alcohol while 81% had tried illicit drugs at least once. The median age for onset for both alcohol and drug addiction was set at 14 years (Swendson et al, 2010, p392).90% of American who are addicted today started smoking, drug abuse and drinking during adolescent years (Park,2011)Nowadays, news reports are flooded with instances of drug abuse within schools and university campuses. Some consider use of certain drugs for recreational purpose or for added advantage. Hard drug usage is on the rise in the Michigan Campus (Radwin, 2014). According to the Office of Adolescent Health in 2011, 605 of Michigan high school students abused tobacco, 18% were addicted to alcohol while a good percentage of students abused hard drugs such as marijuana and cocaine (Office of Adolescent Health, 2011). With the incr easing numbers of growing teenagers falling prey to such instances it is obvious that the access to abusive substances is prevalent. One of the therapies that has been scientifically proven to benefit drug addiction is spirituality. Even though religion is

Nursing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing - Assignment Example Meanwhile, public-private interventions include the 5-a-day Consortium. Methods used to analyze the intersectoral/interagency collaboration and public–private partnerships include the social determinants of health which analyze the units of interventions, intersectoral/interagency and inter-program relationships, public–private partnerships, and capacity to influence policy. Findings of the study found out that interviewees assumed that the price of fruits and vegetables is too high, particularly for the poorest among the population. Access to fruit and vegetable content of school meals are slow and availability of fresh fruit is scant. The 5-a-day Consortium has addressed acceptability and improvement of quality and access to fruits and vegetables. Despite proposed solutions to increase intake of fruits and vegetables among Chilean population and to enhanced partnerships between interlocal agencies and public and private sectors, conflicts between commercial and social interests still occur and created a significant effect on public policies. As documented by the WHO, increasing individual fruit and vegetable consumption to up to 600 g daily would reduce the worldwide burden of ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, esophageal, lung and colorectal cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases, and other chronic noncommunicable diseases. In addition, the study also affect the collaboration between interlocal agencies and different sectors as political actions are also important determinants of health in resolving issues related to oppression of underserved Chilean in terms of fruit and vegetable consumption. Based upon the social determinants/pathway of Chilean population, deep inequities are observed between income levels, ethnic groups, regions affecting mainly women, children and underemployed workers; food intake are affected by global trends in